EARLY BLIGHT TOMATO PLUS
EARLY BLIGHT TOMATO FREE

Result: FieldClimate displays a steady increasing value for the IPI-Value. As long as it stays below no spray is indicated. At the time the IPI-Value comes over 15 they start to spray against Late Blight in tomato. The IPI-Model is used as a negative prognosis in Italy. The cumulative daily IPI over a defined period is used by the model to evaluate late blight risk.

The model does not give recommendations about subsequent fungicide applications. Negative prognosis can´t be used in areas with permanent cropping, areas with no winter.įunctionality: To calculate daily IPI,relative indexes for average temperature and relative humidity and precipitation are calculated independently and combined by multiplying the temperature index by either the precipitation index or the relative humidity index.

EARLY BLIGHT TOMATO PLUS

In Italy, IP indexes are used along with indicator plants plus spore traps to warn farmers about when to start spraying. Model Description: This model generates infection potential indexes (IPI) that predict the most probable inoculum increase of Phytophthora infestans in the environment. It is used to estimate the date of the first spray against this disease in tomato. PONTI for the Emilia-Romagna region in Italy.

The IPI model displays a negative prognosis, which has been developed by BUGIANI, CAVANNI, I. In FieldClimate the models NOBLIGHT and FRY are implemented The IPI Model In situations with severe disease pressure the potato leaf has to be killed with herbicide to avoid the infections of the tuber. In heavily infected plants the pathogen will grow systemic into all plant organs including the tubers. More sever infections have to be expected with rain distributing the zoospores over the potato field and leading to an exponential increase in infected plants.

EARLY BLIGHT TOMATO FREE

infestans in cool climate is most likely limited by the presence of free moisture which can be given by dew in nights which have more than 90% relative humidity needed for sporangia formation. Jim Deacon from Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, found that at temperatures of 12☌ and lower the majority of sporangia releases zoospores whereas at temperatures higher than 20☌ the majority of the sporangia germinates like conidia with germ tubes. The zoospores are swimming to stoma trough which its infects its host. Sporanigia in oomycetes usally germinating with zoospores which are mobile in free water. In literature we can find informations about sporandia germinating and infecting like conidia. Sporangia can be distributed by rain or wind. infestans sporangia formation will take place in nights with relative humidity higher than 90% and temperatures warmer than 10☌. Sporangia in oomycetes are formed in the absence of light if relative humidity and temperature are high enough. In the morning during and after such periods you will find potato sprouts covered by white sporangia. Plants formed by latent or symptomous infected tubers show extended systemic growth in periods with water logging. Systemic growth is enforced by high relative humidity and by high soil water content or low soil oxygen content. infestans growth like other oomycetes in the intercellular area of its hosts. The quantities with which we have to expect latent infected seeds is depending on the blight epidemics of the last season in the seed producing area. This showed that we have to expect this in the potato seed. Newer laboratory methods enabled us to check for latent infected tubers in the potato seed.

Still of greater importance is the hibernation in infected tubers left as volunteers on the field because of undersize or other reasons or damped on the field as waste form potato storage. This is reported for Europe since the last 25 years. Oospores will only be formed in places where two different mating types of P. In the cool climate during winter the pathogen will find no green tissue and it has to hibernate in infected tubers or in its fruiting bodies the oospores. The economic important plants under its hosts are potato, tomato and egg plant. It can only live in the green tissue of its hosts. It is one of the most important diseases and therefore numerous models are available for it. It has led to starvings and emigration when it came to Europe. Tomato Late Blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is one of the most devastating plant diseases.

Early blight tomato